黑洞并非单纯吞噬物质的“真空吸尘器”，在高能天体物理中它们是强力的加速器。
围绕旋转黑洞的吸积盘中，磁场与高速等离子体相互作用，通过Blandford‑Znajek机制把黑洞旋转能转为沿极轴射出的狭窄相对论喷流，喷流可将粒子加速到接近光速，形成射电、X射线和伽马射线辐射，这是活动星系核与类星体的主要能量来源之一。
另一类机制是彭罗斯过程：在黑洞的事件视界外旋转能区，粒子可通过能量分裂使一部分获得额外动能逃逸，理论上能汲取黑洞旋转能。
引力弹弓效应也常见于星系并合或恒星系统，物体在强引力场近距离掠过时能被抛出并显著加速。
近年来引力波观测显示，双黑洞合并时非对称辐射会给予合并残留体“回拨”（kick），速度可达数百至数千公里每秒，使黑洞本身成为运动天体，甚至被抛出宿主星系。
这些加速过程对宇宙演化影响深远：喷流调节星系的恒星形成，极高能粒子与宇宙射线的加速源自此处，而黑洞回拨则影响核区动力学与宿主星系中心的演化。
未来多波段电磁观测与引力波天文学的结合，将继续揭示黑洞加速的细致物理与宇宙意义。
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